Glimpses #100: When Is Easter?

When Is Easter?
Christmas is December 25; Valentine's Day is February 14; Halloween is October 31 -- but when is Easter? Each year we have to look at a calendar to find out when Easter is, for this moveable feast can occur any time from March 22 to April 25. Why is this so?

The Emperor Constantine built the church. Archaeologists have found remains of a cemetery and garden below the church.The yearly celebration of Jesus' resurrection is the oldest feast of the Christian Church, and the resurrection has been the central belief of the Christian faith from the beginning. As Paul said, if Christ is not risen, our preaching is in vain and we are a people most miserable (I Corinthians 15:12-14). Of course, every Sunday's worship is a celebration of the risen Lord, but a special day for the resurrection has been part of the life of the church from its early days.

order back issues of this story

The earliest Christians celebrated the resurrection on the fourteenth of Nisan (our March-April), the date of the Jewish Passover. Jewish days were reckoned from evening to evening, so Jesus had celebrated His Last Supper the evening of the Passover and was crucified the day of the Passover. Early Christians celebrating the Passover worshiped Jesus as the Paschal Lamb and Redeemer.

No Quickie Christians
As more and more people were added to the early church, the church began to organize training sessions for the new converts or catechumens before they were baptized. Sometimes the period of instruction would last two or three years. The baptism of these catechumens was often scheduled for Easter Sunday, with the baptismal candidates often fasting two or three days before. They held a vigil Saturday night and at the sun's first rays on Sunday eagerly proclaimed, "Christ is risen! He is risen indeed!" After baptism the Christians were given white robes to wear the following week to symbolize their new life in Christ. The practices of the Lenten fast before Easter and wearing new clothes on Easter Sunday had their beginnings in these catechumen customs.

Some of the Gentile Christians began celebrating Easter in the nearest Sunday to the Passover, since Jesus actually arose on a Sunday. This especially became the case in the western part of the Roman Empire. In Rome itself, different congregations celebrated Easter on different days!

Setting the Date
During the first three centuries of the Church, when believers were frequently under persecution, there was little effort to establish uniform observances of the Christian festivals. However, when Constantine became emperor and Christianity was no longer illegal, it was possible to consider more carefully the date of Easter. One of the purposes of the Council of Nicea in 325 was to settle that date. Constantine wanted Christianity to be totally separated from Judaism and did not want Easter to be celebrated on the Jewish Passover. The Council of Nicea accordingly required the feast of the resurrection to be celebrated on a Sunday and never on the Jewish Passover. Easter was to be the Sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox.

But Which Calendar?
The ruling of the Council was not immediately accepted everywhere. It did not sit well for those who had been celebrating the resurrection on the Passover to suddenly be declared heretics. Confusion was also caused by Rome and Alexandria having different dates for fixing the spring equinox, sometimes resulting in different Easter dates. Eventually, however, the ruling of the Council of Nicea was accepted by all the church, and the date of Easter was between March 22 and April 25. In the sixteenth century the West accepted the new Gregorian calendar while the Eastern and Russian churches kept the Julian calendar. Because of this, Easter is again celebrated on different dates.

It's the Meaning that Matters
In spite of the differences among the churches surrounding the celebration of Jesus' resurrection, there has been through the ages an unanimous agreement that the Resurrection is a most joyous event and the basis of all Christian hope. As Francis Weiser beautifully wrote, Easter Sunday is a dazzling diamond that radiates the splendor of Redemption and Resurrection into the hearts of the faithful everywhere. Its various facets cast the brilliance of eternity over the twilight of time, and enrapture the soul with the deathless pledge of a Second Spring. The keener are the eyes of faith, the more penetrating is the vision of personal immortality behind the veil of death: When Christ rose, Death itself died.

Where Did Lent Come From?
Many of the churches had various periods of fasting before Easter. Some had one or two days, others several weeks. At the end of the sixth century, Pope Gregory I established a forty day period of fasting and repentance, using the forty of Israel, Moses, Elijah, and Jesus in the wilderness as patterns to follow. It was Gregory who fixed the beginning of Lent as Ash Wednesday, with ashes placed on the head as a reminder that "dust thou art and to dust returneth."

Pretzels, Anyone?
Christians in the Roman empire made a special Lenten food of flour, salt, and water, since meat and dairy foods were forbidden during Lent. Because Lent was a season of penance and devotion, the dough was shaped into the form of two arms crossed in prayer. In Latin, "little arms" is bracellae. When the food was taken to Germany, it was called a brezel or a pretzel. The oldest known picture of a pretzel may be in a manuscript from the fifth century in the Vatican. Pretzels are still an item of Lenten food in many parts of Europe and are sometimes distributed to the poor in the cities.

The Sunrise Service
In Luke 24:1 the women went at early dawn to the tomb. In 1732 some young men of the Moravian community at Herrnhut, Germany went to the cemetery at dawn to meditate on Christ's resurrection. This became the first known Easter sunrise service. In 1741 the Moravians in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania celebrated the first Easter sunrise service in America.

What about Holy Week?
The observation of the week before Easter as Holy Week probably began in the fourth century when pilgrimages to Jerusalem began. When Egeria traveled to Jerusalem at the end of the fourth century, she gave a detailed account of the contemporary observance of Holy Week. Christians used liturgical drama to reenact the last scenes of Christ on earth. On Palm Sunday they reenacted Christ's joyous entry into Jerusalem. Maundy Thursday's love feast and foot washing recalled the institution of the Lord's Supper. The Good Friday of the crucifixion became a day of deepest penance and fasting. On the evening of the Great Sabbath, during that time when Christ lay in the grave, the Easter vigils began with Scripture reading, singing and prayer. Everyone poured into the church with light to await the glorious resurrection morning.

One of the most beloved of all Easter hymns is Charles Wesley's "Christ the Lord is Risen Today." Charles wrote this in 1739, a year after his conversion, for the first service in the Foundry Meeting House in London. The Foundry was the first Wesleyan Chapel in London and was actually built in a deserted foundry. As with many of the Wesley hymns, the words are rich with Scriptural references and allusions. Note the following (taken from John Lawson's Wesley Hymns Francis Asbury Press, 1987):

Christ the Lord is risen today,' (Mark 16:6, Luke 24:6)
Sons of men and angels say! (Matthew 28:6, Luke 24:34, John 20:18)
Raise your joys and triumphs high, (Colossians 2:15)
Sing ye heavens, and earth reply. (Isaiah 49:13)

Love's redeeming work is done, (Romans 6:9-10)
Fought the fight, the battle won: (Luke 11:22, Colossians 2:15)
Lo! our sun's eclipse is o'er, (Malachi 4:2, Luke 23:45)
Lo! He sets in blood no more. (Isaiah 60:20)

Vain the stone, the watch, the seal; (Matthew 27:65-66)
Christ has burst the gates of hell! (I Peter 3:18-20, Revelation 1:18)
Death in vain forbids his rise: (Acts 2:24)
Christ has opened paradise! (Luke 23:43)

Lives again our glorious King, (Psalms 24:7-10, Revelation 1:18)
Where, O death, is now thy sting? (I Corinthians 15:55)
Dying once, he all doth save, (Romans 6:10, I Corinthians 15:22)
Where thy victory, O grave? (I Corinthians 15:55)

Soar we now where Christ has led, (Colossians 3:1)
Following our exalted Head, (Acts 2:33, Ephesians 1:22, Colossians 1:18)
Made like him, like him we rise; (Romans 6:5)
Ours the cross, the grave, the skies! (Romans 6:4, 6)

King of glory, soul of bliss, (Psalms 27:4, I Peter 1:3, 8)
Everlasting life is this; (John 3:16)
Thee to know, thy power to prove, (Philippians 3:10)
Thus to sing, and thus to love! (Isaiah 26:19)

What's in a Name?
The Latin word paschal for the Hebrew for Passover (pesah) became the Latin word for the Resurrection day in the Romance languages, such as Spanish and French. The eighth century historian Bede wrote that Easter, the English word for the holiday, came from the Anglo-Saxon goddess Eoster, the goddess of spring and fertility.